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一 二 三 四 一、正确选择关系词 1.选择关系词可考虑以下三点: 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why)。 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。 一 二 三 四 2.关系词的具体作用 一 二 三 四 一 二 三 四 二、定语从句中介词的前置 1.关系副词与“介词+which” 关系副词when和where在多数情况下,可以替换为“介词+which”,其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义、句子的意思、与从句中谓语动词的搭配等来确定;why相当于for which。 I’ll never forget the day when(=on which) I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。 What is the name of the city where(=in which) you live?你住的那个城市叫什么名字? Do you know the reason why(=for which) she doesn’t like me?你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 一 二 三 四 2.“介词+关系代词”结构 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,往往把该介词置于关系代词前面。“介词+whom”只能指人;“介词+ which”只能指物。 The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们寻找的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for) He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.他要我去看一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配 be familiar with) This is the book from which I got the story.这就是那本书,从这本书中我读到了这个故事。(由于句中含有“从……”的意思,所以用介词 from) 3.表示所属关系时,介词应用of,关系代词为which/whom,即“the +名词+ of + which/whom”,可转换为“whose+ 名词”。 He lives in a room,the window of which faces west. =He lives in a room,whose window faces west. 他住在一间窗户朝西的房间里。 一 二 三 四 三、定语从句与其他句子结构的区别 1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought等。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不作成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。 The news that our team won made us excited.(“our team won”是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that our team won.) The news that he told me was exciting.(he told me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.) 一 二 三 四 2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连词。 Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.(逗号后为另一句子,两个句子之间要用连接词whom,此为定语从句) Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.(逗号后为另一句子,且有并列连词and,故用them即可,此为并列句) Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.(此处为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连词) 一 二 三 四 3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必须有先行词,而时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。 Do you know the time when he will come back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time) I will go shopping when he comes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词) Put the book where it belongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用in which) Put the book in the place where it belongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place) 4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is /was后出现表示地点或是时间的名词时,其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),完整则为强调句。 It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句) It was on Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整) 一 二 三 四 四、定语从句的几个特殊情况 1.the way后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式/方法(=in this way)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用that,在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。 I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她做这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。 但是,要具体分析关系词的语法作用。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,要使用that或which引导定语从句。 The way that/which he explained to us was very simple. 他向我们解释的方法非常简单。 一 二 三 四 2.地点模糊化:在这一用法中常出现的先行词有situation,stage,point,case,activity,job,position等,这些词经常用来表达某事或某人所处的阶段、程度或状态,其后的定语从句缺少地点状语,应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。 Who can think of a situation where this phrase can be used? 谁能想出这个短语在哪种情景下可以使用? 3.当定语从句的先行词是“the only one of+复数名词”时,定语从句的谓语动词要与 one保持一致而采取单数形式,其原因跟句子的意义有关。 He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job. 他是那些工人中唯一能做这项工作的人。 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 2.I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, my classmates recommended to me. 3.Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth. 4.I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 5.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work
a good impression is a must. 6.Among the many dangers sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog. which
which
where
when
where
which
Ⅰ Ⅱ 7.A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 8.Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position. 9.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of uses it differently. 10.I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. whose
that
which
when
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ.单句改错 1.That’s the reason a sad film can contribute to comforting a sad person more than a pleasant one. 2.In order to realize his dream,Bill Gates,the richest man in the world,gave up studying in Harvard University,that is very famous in the world. 3.Happiness and success often come to those which are good at recognizing their own strengths. 4.He may win the competition,in that case he is likely to get into the national team. 答案:reason后加why
答案:that→which
答案:which→who
答案:that→which
Ⅰ Ⅱ 5.It is often the case with children,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. 6.He was the only one of the boys who were late for class. 7.What surprised me was not what he said but the way which he said it. 8.If you risk something important,you cause it to be in a dangerous situation that you might lose it. 9.This is the only problem which we can’t work out. 10.There are many countries in Asia,of them China is the largest one. 答案:It→As
答案:were→was
答案:which去掉/在which前面加in/which→that
答案:that→where
答案:which→that
答案:them→which
* * * *
一 二 三 四 一、正确选择关系词 1.选择关系词可考虑以下三点: 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why)。 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。 一 二 三 四 2.关系词的具体作用 一 二 三 四 一 二 三 四 二、定语从句中介词的前置 1.关系副词与“介词+which” 关系副词when和where在多数情况下,可以替换为“介词+which”,其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义、句子的意思、与从句中谓语动词的搭配等来确定;why相当于for which。 I’ll never forget the day when(=on which) I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。 What is the name of the city where(=in which) you live?你住的那个城市叫什么名字? Do you know the reason why(=for which) she doesn’t like me?你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 一 二 三 四 2.“介词+关系代词”结构 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,往往把该介词置于关系代词前面。“介词+whom”只能指人;“介词+ which”只能指物。 The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们寻找的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for) He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.他要我去看一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配 be familiar with) This is the book from which I got the story.这就是那本书,从这本书中我读到了这个故事。(由于句中含有“从……”的意思,所以用介词 from) 3.表示所属关系时,介词应用of,关系代词为which/whom,即“the +名词+ of + which/whom”,可转换为“whose+ 名词”。 He lives in a room,the window of which faces west. =He lives in a room,whose window faces west. 他住在一间窗户朝西的房间里。 一 二 三 四 三、定语从句与其他句子结构的区别 1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought等。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不作成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。 The news that our team won made us excited.(“our team won”是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that our team won.) The news that he told me was exciting.(he told me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.) 一 二 三 四 2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连词。 Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.(逗号后为另一句子,两个句子之间要用连接词whom,此为定语从句) Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.(逗号后为另一句子,且有并列连词and,故用them即可,此为并列句) Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.(此处为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连词) 一 二 三 四 3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必须有先行词,而时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。 Do you know the time when he will come back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time) I will go shopping when he comes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词) Put the book where it belongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用in which) Put the book in the place where it belongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place) 4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is /was后出现表示地点或是时间的名词时,其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),完整则为强调句。 It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句) It was on Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整) 一 二 三 四 四、定语从句的几个特殊情况 1.the way后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式/方法(=in this way)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用that,在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。 I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她做这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。 但是,要具体分析关系词的语法作用。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,要使用that或which引导定语从句。 The way that/which he explained to us was very simple. 他向我们解释的方法非常简单。 一 二 三 四 2.地点模糊化:在这一用法中常出现的先行词有situation,stage,point,case,activity,job,position等,这些词经常用来表达某事或某人所处的阶段、程度或状态,其后的定语从句缺少地点状语,应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句。 Who can think of a situation where this phrase can be used? 谁能想出这个短语在哪种情景下可以使用? 3.当定语从句的先行词是“the only one of+复数名词”时,定语从句的谓语动词要与 one保持一致而采取单数形式,其原因跟句子的意义有关。 He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job. 他是那些工人中唯一能做这项工作的人。 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 2.I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, my classmates recommended to me. 3.Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth. 4.I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. 5.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work
a good impression is a must. 6.Among the many dangers sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog. which
which
where
when
where
which
Ⅰ Ⅱ 7.A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 8.Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position. 9.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of uses it differently. 10.I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. whose
that
which
when
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ.单句改错 1.That’s the reason a sad film can contribute to comforting a sad person more than a pleasant one. 2.In order to realize his dream,Bill Gates,the richest man in the world,gave up studying in Harvard University,that is very famous in the world. 3.Happiness and success often come to those which are good at recognizing their own strengths. 4.He may win the competition,in that case he is likely to get into the national team. 答案:reason后加why
答案:that→which
答案:which→who
答案:that→which
Ⅰ Ⅱ 5.It is often the case with children,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. 6.He was the only one of the boys who were late for class. 7.What surprised me was not what he said but the way which he said it. 8.If you risk something important,you cause it to be in a dangerous situation that you might lose it. 9.This is the only problem which we can’t work out. 10.There are many countries in Asia,of them China is the largest one. 答案:It→As
答案:were→was
答案:which去掉/在which前面加in/which→that
答案:that→where
答案:which→that
答案:them→which
* * * *
