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Unit2
English around the world
⊕考纲要求：
考纲规定的考试范围:
重点单词与短语closet; pronounce; broad; repeat; majority; total; equal; situation; trade; international; organization; government; tourism; communicate; exchange; service; signal; tidy; stand; independent; publish; expression; compare.； in total; make oneself at home; except for; stay up; end up with; a great many; the number of; more and more.
句型：
Thanks Nancy. If you will excuse me now. will 表示意愿的用法
With so many people communicating in English everyday,... “with+宾语+宾补”的结构做状语
Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 带连接副词(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法
’t have any difficulty in understanding each other.
In only fifty years , English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.
Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same .
3. 语法：Direct and Indirect Speech(Ⅱ)—祈使句
(1)转述他人的请求
(2)转述他人的命令
复习本章要达到的目标
1. 掌握majority; total; equal; situation; trade; exchange; compare.； in total; make oneself at home; except for; stay up; end up with; a great many; the number of; more and more.等重点单词及短语的用法。
2. 掌握will 表示意愿的用法；动名词做状语表结果的用法；分词做定语的用法；祈使句转述他人的请求和转述他人的命令的用法；
3. 对British English和American English之间的区别有一定的了解，能顺利地进行英语阅读。
⊕教材知识归纳
◆知识归纳
1.Thanks Nancy. If you will excuse me now. will
will 可以用来构成将来时，这时will 不可以用于条件状语从句中。但是will可以表示意愿这时可以用于条件状语从句中。
If you will listen to me, you shall get a new bike.
如果你愿意听我的话，你一定会得到一辆新自行车。
注意：（1）will表示现在的意愿，would表示过去的意愿。
I push the door hard, but it won’t open. 我用力推门，但是门打不开。
I warned him not to play in the street yesterday, but he wouldn’t listen to me.
我警告他不要在街道上玩耍，但是他不愿听我的话。
（2）won’t do 表示拒绝，不肯有拟人化的手法；don’t do 表示客观陈述。
The radio I bought yesterday doesn’t work now.( 客观陈述)
I have spent 5 hours repairing my radio, but it won’t work.( 拟人化的手法)
Don’t get the ink on your clothes ;it won’t wash out.( 拟人化的手法)
2. Can you tell me how to pronounce...?
“疑问词+不定式”的功能：在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
（1）作主语
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.
我正在努力学习如何用英语提建议。
（2）作宾语
①作动词的宾语
We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays. 我们要学习写剧本，总得有个开头。
②作介词的宾语
We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat. 我们最好能学会正确选择吃什么、怎么吃。
(3)作表语
My question is where to find the answer. 我的问题是在哪里能找到答案。
3 . …most of the time people don’t have any difficulty in understanding each other.
have (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困难
there is (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.
have (some) difficulty with sth.
在某事上有困难
there is (some) difficulty with sth.
do sth. with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地／轻而易举地做某事
We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.
Do you have any difficulty with your English?
注意(1) 以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰
(2) 以上句型中，亦可用trouble来代替difficulty。
playground is covered with fallen leaves.
操场上覆盖着落叶。fallen过去分词作前置定语表示完成了的动作，不表示被动。
注意：(1)n. + being done; (2)n.+ to be done;(3) n.+ done 这三个结构的区别
(1)n. + being done 表示被动和正在进行
The building being built now will be used for the meeting room.
正在建造的楼房将被用作会议室。
(2)n.+ to be done表示被动和动作即将发生
The meeting to be held tomorrow has been called off.
原定明天举行的会员已经被取消了。
(3) n.+ done 表示被动和动作已经完成
The tree cut down by the workers was 100 years old.
被工人们砍倒的那棵树已经有100年了。
5. Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same .
more or less 大约；差不多，几乎
That table is more or less two meters long.
那张桌子大约两米长。
I’ve more or less finished the book.
我差不多已经读完这本书了。
She could earn $200 a day，more or less.
她一天大约能挣200美元。
注意：more or less是一个固定结构，or不可换成and。more or less可以修饰数词，意为“大约”；还可修饰动词、分词、形容词，意为“或多或少，差不多，几乎”。通常放在系动词、助动词或情态动词之后，或放在动词之前，也可置于句末
6. They also brought in some words from their own languages
bring in吸引，引入；请……做，让……参加；提出（新法案）；赚得，挣
He brought some humors in his speech.
他在演讲中引用了一些幽默。
How much does she bring in every year？
她每年挣多少钱？
Experts were brought in to advise the government.
政府请来专家出谋划策。
相关归纳：(1)bring on端来；促进……地生长
Your meal can be brought on along the belt in the future.
在将来你的饭可以沿着传送带被端来。
Enough sunlight has brought on the crops.
充足的阳光促进了庄稼的生长。
(2)bring about导致；引起
What brought about the change in his attitude towards the matter？
是什么使他改变了对这件事情的主意？
(3)bring back把……送回；归还；使回忆起；恢复；重新使用
The photographs brought back many of pleasant memories.
照片给人带来很多美好的回忆。
(4)bring down打垮；击败；降低；减少；（飞机）着陆；击落
We plan to bring down prices on all our computers.
我们打算降低我们所有计算机的价格。
The scandal may bring down the government.
那件丑闻可能使政府垮台。
An enemy fighter was brought down. 一架敌机被击落了Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt. 她小时侯父母就去世了,是由她姑姑养大的He brought out his lunch just now.
他刚刚把吃进去的午饭吐出来了New personal computers are brought out almost daily.
几乎每天都有个人计算机推出 bring ……together 促使(争执双方)和解The loss of their son brought the parents together. 双方因失去儿子而言归于好 comparison n. 比较
compare...to... 比拟；比作 compare... with... 将……和……相比较 ’s answer with Henry’s，which is better？
把约翰和亨利两人的答案比较一下，哪个更好？
(3) compare with和相比较’t compare with our previous one.
这房子比不上我们以前的。
(4)compared to/with与……比起来（常用作状语，可位于句首或句末）
Compared to/with many people，she was indeed lucky.
和许多人比起来，她是幸运的。
(5)in/by comparison with 与……比起来
In comparison with their house, ours is large and comfortable.
8. At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages , ending up with different words.
ending up with different words 是现在分词做状语表结果的用法。
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
欧式足球在80个国家被踢，使它成为世界上最受欢迎的运动。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
注意：现在分词做状语表结果与不定式做状语表结果的区别。
(1) 现在分词做状语表结果是指自然而然的想象中的结果,现在分词前可加thus
The whale can eat a man in only a few minutes, thus leaving only bones.
(2) 不定式做状语表结果是指出人意料的结果，强调意想不到,不定式前可加only
H e hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
他匆匆忙忙赶到车站结果发现火车已经离开了。
He lifted a big stone only to drop it on his own feet.
他搬起一块大石头结果砸了自己的脚。
9. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
with后面跟复合结构，即：with + 宾语 +prep./adj./ adv./ doing/ to do(表示要执行的动作)/done（表示动作的完成及被动）常在句中作状语，表示伴随动作、行为方式及原因、条件或结果等情况。 其结构如下：
(1) with+名词/代词+现在分词。其中现在分词表主动或正在进行的动作。
He fell asleep with his radio still working.
His hair became grey with the years passing.
随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。
The king came in, with all his servants following him.
国王进来了，身后跟着所有的仆人。 2) with+名词/代词+过去分词。其中过去分词表被动或完成了的动作。
Tom stood for a moment with his hand still raised.
With everything bought, he left the market. 买完了所需要的东西之后，他离开了市场 3) with+名词/代词+不定式。其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。
With so much work to do, we can’t kill any time by playing cards.
With nothing to do, he went out for a walk . 由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步4)with+名词/代词+形容词。
The girl entered the room with her eyes full of tears.
(5) with+名词/代词+介词短语或副词。
The emperor walked in the street with nothing on.
He left his room with the light on. (adv.) 他离开了房间，灯亮着10.He stayed up last night.
stay up 的用法
(1)不睡觉，熬夜
The student stayed up all night to study.
这个学生开夜车，学习了一整夜。
Hs stayed up till midnight ,as is often the case with him.
他熬夜到半夜，对他来说是常有的事。
不倒塌，不下沉
Some strong houses stayed up in the earthquake.
一些坚固的房屋在地震中没有倒塌。
Your life jacket will help you to stay up if you fall out of the boat.
如从船上掉下去，你的救生衣可以使你不沉入水中。
11. How did it come about?
come about（某事）发生
I don’t know how this thing came about.
我不知道这事是怎样发生的。
Do you know how the phrase came about？
你知道这个成语是怎样产生的吗？
How did it come about that you didn’t report this to us in good time？
你怎么没及时向我们报告？
(1)come up with 找到，提出(答案、解决办法)
She came up with a new idea for increasing sales .
她想出了增加销售量的新主意。
(2)come across 碰上，偶然碰上，被理解，发现
He spoke for a long time but his meaning didn't come across.
他讲了很长时间，但他的意思没有人真正理解。
(3)come along 进展，进步，一道来
(4)come down 下来，降低，下降，着陆
The price of petrol is coming down thanks to the increase of production.
由于产量的增加，石油的价格在下跌。
(5) come true 实现
(6)come over 过来，顺便来访
Why don't come over t0 Beidaihe for a holiday in summer?
你怎么不在夏天到北戴河来度假呢?
(7)come in 进来
(8) come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉
(9) come on 来吧，跟着来，赶快(10) come out 出来，出版，开花The crocuses came out late this year because of the cold weather.
因为天气寒冷，今年藏红花开得晚。
When will his new novel come out?
他新创作的小说什么时候出版?
(11) come
被提出,被讨论A number of questions came up at the meeting.
会议上提出了许多问题。
(12)come back 回来．流行
(13) come to 共计，达到，达成，恢复知觉，苏醒It suddenly came to her that she had been wrong all along.
她突然想到她一开始就错了。
重点/热点1：besides, except, except for, except that
(1)except将一个或几个人或物从同一类或普通的种类中除外，意为“除……之外”，指“不包括……”。其后可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或wh-从句。except 和 but 都表示“除了……之外。没有”，二者大多数情况下可以互换；但在no, all, nobody, nothing, no one 等词后多用 but。
Everybody except John was able to answer the question. 除了约翰之外,每个人都回答出了问题The room is empty except for a broken chair. (前后的名词不同类) 这个房间空空的,只不过有把破椅子I know nothing about him except that he is from Japan. 我对他一无所知,只是知道他来自日本She goes to school by bike except when it rains. 她骑自行车去上学,除了下雨时不骑besides: (prep.) “除…之外还有”，Besides tennis, he also plays basketball and football. 除了网球之外，他还打篮球和踢足球。 I have three other dictionaries besides this one. 除了这本词典，我还有三本别的词典。 除…之外还有In addition to French, he has to study Japanese.
