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选 修 8
Units 1～
专项语法十五 特殊句式
要点精析
一、倒装
1．完全倒装
谓语动词完全搬到主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种：
(1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首时。
In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。
South of the river lies a small factory.
一个小型工厂坐落在河的南岸。
Here is the book you want.
你要的书在这儿。
Then came the order to take off.
起飞的命令到了。
Now comes your turn.
现在轮到你了。
注意：上述情况中，若主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。
Away they went.
他们走了。
Over it turns!
它翻过来了。
例 (2009·上海)Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away_____ ___.
A. fleeing the thief
B. was fleeing the thief
C. the thief was fleeing
D. fled the thief
解析：本题考查了全部倒装句。句意：听到狗的狂叫声，小偷逃掉了。表地点方位的副词away放于句首时，句子要全部倒装。正常的语序是“The thief fled away.”故选D。
答案：D
(2)表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“表语＋连系动词＋主语”。
Present at the meeting were some scientists from China.
许多来自中国的科学家出席了会议。
Gone are the days when we were poor.
我们贫穷的日子一去不复返了。
2．部分倒装
(1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。
Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
直到那时，我们才决定以暴制暴。
Only in this way can we learn English well.
只有以这种方法，我们才能学好英语。
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只有当他回来时，我们才能查明事实真相。
注意：only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。
Only you can solve the problem.
只有你能解决这个问题。
例 (2011·新课标，28)Only when he reached the teahouse ________ it was the same place he'd been in last year.
A．he realized
B．he did realize
C．realized he
D．did he realize
解析：本题考查倒装句。句意：只有当他到达茶屋时，他才意识到这和他去年去的是同一个地方。“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装语序，故D项正确。
答案：D
(2)否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition等置于句首时。
Never before have I seen such a moving film.＝I have never seen such a moving film before.
以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。
Not a single mistake did he make.＝He didn't make a single mistake.
他一个错误也没犯。
例 (2011·福建，29)—It's nice.Never before ______such a special drink!
—I'm glad you like it.
A．I have had
B．I had
C．have I had
D．had I
解析：本题考查倒装与动词时态。句意：——太好喝了。我以前从未喝到这么特别的饮料！——你能喜欢我很高兴。否定词never置于句首，句子需用部分倒装，排除A，B两项，又由时间状语before可知，句子要用现在完成时，故C项正确。
答案：C
(3)hardly...when..., no sooner...than..., not only...but also...等引导两个分句时，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变。但当neither...nor...引导两个分句时，两个分句都要部分倒装。
Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.
他刚一开始说话他父亲就制止了他。
Neither do I know, nor does she.
我不知道，她也不知道。
(4)so/neither/nor置于句首，意为“也(不)”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，要用部分倒装，其句型为：so/neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语。so与前面的肯定句呼应；neither, nor与前面的否定句相呼应。
They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.
他们喜欢拥有许多朋友，残疾人也是如此。
I don't know who he is, nor do I want to know.
我不知道他是谁，我也不想知道。
注意：so表示“是的，确实”时，主谓语不倒装。
—It is too hot.天太热了。
—So it is. 是啊，的确很热。
(5)在so/such...that...句式中，如果so/such引导的部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装。
So dark was it that he couldn't see the faces of his companions.
天这么黑，他看不见同伴的脸。
So frightened was she that she could not say a word.
她如此害怕以至于一句话也说不出来。
So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.
他说话声音如此大以至于隔壁的人都能听见。
例 (2010·东城检测)________that all mountain roads were closed.
A．So became the dangerous weather
B．So dangerous did the weather become
C．So dangerous became the weather
D．Dangerous the weather became so
解析：考查倒装和固定句式。句意：天气如此危险，所有的山路都被封闭了。在“so...that...”结构中，若so位于句首，从句要倒装。本句相当于“The weather became so dangerous that all mountain roads were closed.”。故选B。
答案：B
(6)以as引导的让步状语从句，其表语应提到句首，其余部分不变。如果从句的表语是个名词时，要把名词前的冠词去掉。though引导的让步状语从句也可以用这种形式，但也可以用正常结构。其结构一般为“adj./adv./v./v.ed/v.ing/n.＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”。
Young as/though she is, she has seen much of the world.
她虽然年轻，但却见过很多世面。
Woman as she is, she is courageous.
她虽然是女人，但却很勇敢。
例 (2011·新课标，22)Try ________ she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
A．if
B．when
C．since
D．as
解析：本题考查连词的用法。句意：尽管苏尝试了，但她还是打不开门。根据句子结构可知，本题考查as引导的让步状语从句，要用倒装语序。其结构为：adj./adv./v./v.ed/v.ing/n.＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，故D项正确。
答案：D
(7)省略if的倒装句型。如果虚拟语气的条件句中谓语有系动词were，助动词had或情态动词should等，可省去if，把were, had或should移到主语之前。
Were I you(＝If I were you), I would take his advice.
如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。
Should it rain tomorrow(＝If it should rain tomorrow), the sports meeting would be put off.
万一明天下雨，运动会就会推迟举行。
二、强调
强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。强调句型的使用特点主要有以下几个方面：
1．被强调的是状语或状语从句时，要用that引导从句，而不能用which，而且通常不能省略。
It was in the park that I met him.
我是在公园里遇到他的。
It was in 1964 that the first telephone satellite was set up by the Group of 17 Countries.
17国集团发射第一颗电话卫星是在1964年。
例 (2011·重庆，32)—Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?
—Of course, I have. It was in our village ________ it was made.
A．that
B．where
C．when
D．which
解析：本题考查强调句型。句意：——你看过电影《山楂树之恋》吗？——当然看过，就在我们的村庄拍摄的。其结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其余部分。此处强调地点状语。
答案：A
2．被强调的是人时，引导词可用who，也可用that。
Was it you that/who let out the secret to her?
是你把这个秘密泄露给她的吗？
注意：当被强调的是主语时，代词要用主格形式。
It was I who put forward the theory first.
是我最先提出这个理论的。
3．被强调的不管是单数还是复数名词，主句的be动词都用单数is或was。
It was Madame Curie and her husband who discovered radium.
是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现了镭。
It is the PLA men who/that are safeguarding our country day and night.
是解放军战士日夜保卫着我们的祖国。
4．对not...until...时间状语从句进行强调时，其句型是：It is/was not until...that从句，即not和until在强调句中总是紧挨着的。注意习惯上不用not till，而且从句不能用when引导。
It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital.
直到做完最后一个手术白求恩才离开战地医院。
5．强调句的疑问形式。
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?
他什么时候决定选修这一课程的？
Why is it that he doesn't like the book?
他为什么不喜欢这本书？
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？
Who was it that broke the window?
打破窗户的是谁？
When was it that you called me yesterday?
你昨天给我打电话是什么时候？
What is it that you want me to do?
你要我干什么？
例 (2010·江西九校一模)—________you found out the accident which happened a month ago?
—By looking into it.
A．It was where that
B．Was it how that
C．How was it that
D．Was it what that
解析：考查强调句型在疑问句中的用法。根据回答可以知道应该用how，而在特殊疑问句中语序应该用部分倒装，强调方式的搭配为How is/was it that...。故选C。
答案：C
例 (2010·石家庄检测)I still remember how many years ago________I last met her in the countryside.
A．when it was
B．was it that
C．when was it
D．it was that
解析：考查强调句型。remember后的部分是宾语从句，从句中含有一个强调句型，被强调部分是how many years ago。故选D。
答案：D
6．强调句型与It is/was＋时间＋when从句。
在上述句型中it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。
It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.
昨天晚上我半夜才回到家。
It was midnight when I got here yesterday.
昨天当我到达这儿时，已是半夜了。
三、省略
1．状语从句的省略
(1)有些时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句主语一致或从句的主语为it，而且从句的谓语动词又包含be，就可以省略从句中的“主语＋be”部分。
While(I was)in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Great Wall.
在北京时，我去游览了长城。
If(you are)asked, you may come in.
如果被叫到，你可以进来。
She stood at the gate as if(she was)waiting for someone.
她站在门口好像在等人。
Though(it was)cold, he still wore a shirt.
尽管冷，他仍穿着件衬衫。
(2)还有诸如：if so(如果如此)；if any(如果有)；if in need(如果需要)；if necessary(如果有必要); if not(如果不的话)；if ever(如果曾经的话)；if possible(如果可能的话)。
Errors, if(there are)any, should be corrected.
如果有什么错误，就应当改正。
Come tomorrow if(it is)possible.
有可能的话明天来。
Get up early tomorrow, if not(you don't get up early), you will miss the first bus.
明天早点起床，如果不的话，你会错过早班车。
He may not be at home then, if so(he is not at home)，leave him a note.
那时他可能不在家，如果这样给他留下字条吧。
2．I'm afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。
—Do you think it will rain?
你认为将会下雨吗？
—I hope not(that it will not rain)．
我希望不下雨。
—Do you believe our team will win?
你相信我们的队会赢吗？
—I guess so(that our team will win)．
我猜会赢。
3．不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to
(1)用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等的后边。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
我请他去看电影，但他不想去。
(2)在have, need, ought, be going, used等后面。
I didn't want to go there, but I had to.
我不想去那儿，但我不得不去。
(3)在某些形容词glad, happy, pleased, delighted等后面。
—Will you join in the game?
你愿意加入做游戏吗？
—I'd be glad to.
我很高兴加入。
(4)如果不定式中含有be, have, have been，通常保留be, have和have been。
—Are you a sailor?
你是海员吗？
—No, but I used to be.
不，但我过去是。
例 (2009·江苏)—What' s the matter with Della?
