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英语基础知识 短语的讲解与训练
词组
知识要点
词组(短语)是指由两个以上的词语组合而成的一个有意义语法单位。英语词组都是习惯用语,它相当于我们汉语的成语,不能随意搭配。词组是英语句子结构中重要的成分,不可忽视。词组(短语)通常没有主语,也没有谓语动词,但是每个词组(短语)都有一定的结构和语义,
是句子中的一个重要的组成部分。 论功能,英语词组(短语)主要可分为名词词组(短语)(noun phrase)、形容词词组(短语)(adjective phrase)、介词词组(短语)(prepositional phrase)和副词词组(短语)(adverb phrase)及动词词组(短语)(verb phrase)五种。
疑难突破
名词词组
和名词功能一样,在句子中充当主语主要有种:一名词词组(短语);二动名词词组(短语)三不定式词组(短语)
The state of Johore lies in the southern part of Malaysia.(主语)
Yesterday I visited the publishing house you introduced to me.(宾语)
All the members present told him to go out of the meeting room.(宾补)
第1句的the state of Johore是名词词组(短语);是动名词词组(短语)
2. 形容词词组
(短语)和功能一样,在句子中充当主要有种:例full of Chinese chestnuts;二是介词词组(短语),如;现在分词词组(短语)过去分词词组(短语),如例
The basket full of Chinese chestnuts is made of bamboo.
Bankers are people of great wealth.
Have you seen the thief running for his life?
The rat, chased by a cat, ran into a ditch.
3. 介词词组
(短语)一般由由介词与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类所构成。如:
ith the help of
在帮助下
under the leadership / care of 在领导/关心下
in the sun/sunshine
在阳光下
under the sun
在世界上
. by name
名叫
in the name of
以名义
in the air
空中,在流传
on the air
播出
in the way
挡路,障碍,用方法
in a way
在某点上,在某种程度上
by the way
顺便说一下
at the corner
在拐角处(外角)
in the corner
在角落里(内角)
on the corner
在角落上(外角上)
at the end (of)
在结束时
behind time
迟到,过期
behind the times
落在时代后面
at no time
决不
in no time
立即,马上
介词短语在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、宾(主)语补足语、主语和承接词语. 介词短语的替代功能与表动功能更应赋予高度重视。如:
定 语
介词短语的一个基本功能是作定语 , 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后如
The young man in a tweed suit is Mary'sboyfriend.
穿花呢服的年轻人是玛丽的男朋友. (修饰the young man)
What is the advantage of doing all this?
做这一切有什么好处呢? (修饰the advantage)
状 语
介词短语的另一基本功能是作状语 , 修饰动词形容词副词或整个句子如
I gave a doll to the girl.
我送给那女孩一个玩具娃娃. (修饰动词)
I'm sorry for your brother.
我真为你弟弟可惜. (修饰形容词)
He works hard for serving the people.
他勤勤恳恳为人民服务. (修饰副词)
In spite of his shortcomings he is a responsible man.
他尽管有缺点, 却是一个有责任感的人. (修饰整个句子)
表 语
介词短语有时可放在系词之后作表语如
The girl seems in high spirits today.
这女孩今天看起来情绪高昂.
These people are only after fame and position.
这些人只是追名求位.
宾(主)语补足语
介词短语有时可作宾语补足语和主语补足语 如
He always considers himself in the right.
他总认为自己是正确的. (宾语补足语)
The price you offered is found on the high side.
你方报价偏高. (主语补足语)
主 语
凡表示空间 地点距离时间等的介词短语有时可作句子的主语 如
Between six and seven will suit me.
六七点之间对我合适
Just over the bridge is where you'll find the church.
桥那边就是你会找到教堂的地方.
承接词语
有些介词短语可以承接前后文而作句子或段落的承接词语, 这种思维承接词(thought
connectives)可以表达逻辑结果转折强调及附加陈述比较对比顺序等意义.这些介词短语
大多为惯用语.如
Man has tamed the jungle but, as a result, many kinds of birds and animals have disappeared.人类征服了丛林, 可是导致许多种鸟类和野兽都绝迹了 (逻辑结果)
His behavior has not improved; on the contrary it has become worse.
他的行为没有改善,相反, 变得更坏了 (转折)
替代功能
介词短语经常能替代动词不定式和各种从句使语言简洁精炼介词短语的这种替代简化功能是我们在学习介词短语运用时应该掌握的一个方面如
In the end she decided on the green hat.
最后她决定买那顶绿颜色的帽子. (替代不定式to buy the green hat)
I was afraid of hurting her feelings.
我怕伤了她的感情. (替代从句that I might hurt her feelings)
No one can tell the time of his coming.
无人知道他什么时候来. (替代定语从句when he will come)
With these words she left the room.
说了这些话她就离开了房间. (替代状语从句After she said these words)
Dreams come from within, not from outside.
梦来自内心不是来自外界. (替代句尾附加分句they do not come from outside)
表动功能
有些介词短语有着强烈的表动功能 , 起着类似于动词的作用, 使语言言简意赅, 风格明快, 这也是我们学习介词短语运用时应该掌握的又一个方面. 例如:
The dictionary is at press. 字典正在排印中.
There is a church service in progress now. 一场宗教仪式正在进行中.
We should by all means raise productivity. 我们应该想方设法提高生产率.
Elizabeth is trying to lose weight, and she is on a diet.伊丽莎白力图减肥,正在节食.
My phone was out of order, and so I couldn't call you.
我的电话出了故障,因此无法给你打电话.
副词词组
副词词组(短语)主要由介词协助组成,作用和一般副词一样,修饰动词,但位置灵活,可以在句前,也可以在动词之后。例如:
The naughty boy was asked to stand in front of the classroom.
Don't run across the road. It is dangerous to do so.
In 1989, I stayed a few months in the University of London as a visiting scholar.
在这些词组(短语)中,由介词引荐者既有形容词的功能(见例①-②),又可负起副词的使命。这样一来,我们应如何判辨两者的差别呢?方法简单,就是从词组(短语)在句中的功能着手:修饰名词的是形容词性的、修饰动词的是副词性的,如:
①a. The students in this class are very active.
b. If you like, you may study in this class. (起副词功能,作状语)
② a. Two boys at the back of the class are talking. (起形容词功能,作定语)
b. An unwell student has fallen asleep at the back of the class. (起副词功能,作状语)
5. 动词词组
(短语)由动词及名词、介词或者副词等组成。如:
动词+副词
1)作及物动词:
He brought up his children strictly.
Our teachers bring us up strictly. 老师对我们的教育很严。注意:从以上的例句中可以看出,在动词+副词的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。 2)作不及物动词: Something unexpected has turned up.出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)
3)既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词: The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。 The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。 动词+介词
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面: I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)
The cat hogged himself to come at a big dog.
那只猫拱起背向一条大狗发起了攻击。 动词+副词+介词
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后: We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)
I’ll have to put up with the noise till I move next week.
我下周就要搬了,在此之前,我还是得忍受这种噪音。 动词+名词 这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义: Let’s take another try.让我们再试一下。( a try=v.try)
(5)动词+名词+介词
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后: Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。
(6)be + 形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词
这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义: I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him.
我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。
It's not enough just to be keen on music. 光对音乐感兴趣是不够的。
(1)并列连词词组:
both…and…既……又……
either…or…或者……或者……;要么……要么……
neither…nor…既不……也不……
not only…but (also)…不但……而且……
not…but…不是……而是……
as well as 以及……;不但……而且
(2)从属连词词组:
as if(though) 好像……
even if(though) 即使……
as(so) long as 只要
in case 以防万一;免得
on condition that 如果……
in order that为了……;以便……
so that 以便……;目的是……
so/ such…that…如此……以至于……
as soon as 一……就……
the moment/ instant/ minute 一……就……
no sooner…than…一……就……
hardly/ scarcely…when…一……就……
now that=seeing that 既然;由于
provided/ providing that 假如;如果
suppose/ supposing that 如果;假如
7. 表数量的词组 a little 一点
a lot of 很
a kind of 一种
a set of 一套
how much 多少
how old 多大 lots of 许多,大量
dozens of 几十;许多
scores of 许多;大量
quite a few 相当多;不少
quantities of 许多
a number of 若干;一些
the number of ……的数量
a great deal of 许多;大量
a good/ great many 许多;大量
hundreds of 数以百计的
thousands of 数以千计的
tens of thousands of 成千上万的
millions of 上百万的
billions of 数以亿计的
all sorts/ kinds of 各种各样的
注意:高考热点词组100个左右。
高频分析:词组是构成英语语言的基本要素;在高考试题中,有些词组所出现的频率很高。
我们随意抽查近几年各省的40份高考英语试卷,进行统计分析;发现以下100个词组是高考高频词组:
1. be about to do 即将做
2.by accident /by chance偶然
3. in detail 详细地
4.account for 解释,说明
5. on account of/ because of 因为,由于
6. come up with 提出,提供
7.take ... into account 考虑
8. in addition to 除之外
9.in addition另外
10. add up to 合计达
11.in advance 事先,在前,预先
12.have an advantage 胜过,,优于
13. take advantage of 乘之机,利用
14. make use of利用
15. in common 共用,共有
16.ahead of 在前面,先于
17.in the air 在流行中,在传播中
18. above all 首先,尤其
19.after all 毕竟,虽然这样
20. at all 完全
21. all but 决不
22. all out 全力以赴,竭尽全力.
23. in all 总共,合计
24.allow for 考虑到
25.leave alone/ let alone 听其自然,不要去管,更不用说
26. one after another 一个接一个
27. one another 互相
28.approve of
赞成,同意
29. die out 消失,灭绝
30.as for/ as to 至于
31.as if / as though 好像,仿佛
32.aside from 除之外(尚有) =apart from
33. make a/the difference 有影响,很重要
34.ask for 请求,要求
35.attached to 系,贴,连接;附属;依恋