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第10讲 非谓语动词（要点透析）非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。
对比项目 动词不定式
(to do) 动名词(doing) 现在分词(doing) 过去分词(done)
意义 相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味 相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作 相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味 相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义
充当句子成分 主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语 主语、宾语、表语、定语 表语、宾补、定语、状语 表语、宾补、定语、状语
形式 主动一般式
to do
doing doing done
被动式
to be done
being done being done 无
主动完成式
to have done
having done having done 无
被动完成式 to have been done
having been done having been done 无
否定式 在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not
一、不定式和动名词作主语
1. 动名词作主语常用以下句型：It is＋no use/good＋doing sth. 而不定式作主语常用it作形式主语。
It was no use sending him to a hospital.
It's very hard to learn an art.
2. 当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。
His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)
Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)
3．for/of sb. to do sth.中for或of无意义。如果介词后的名词或代词与其前面的形容词存在逻辑上的主系表关系，则该介词用of，反之，则须用for。
在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
It was wise of him to do that.
二、不定式和动名词作宾语
1. 动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语的既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。
Do you mind my/me reading your paper?
She doesn't like Mary /Mary's talking that way.
2. 常见的带不定式作宾语的动词如下：(利用口诀进行记忆。事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式几乎都有将来意味。)
想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear
早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange
同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford
问问看 ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做……)
决定了 decide, determine, make up one's mind, be determined
尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive
努力做 care
别装蒜 pretend
3. 介词以及少数动词(“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词)和词组后只能用动名词作宾语： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，can‘t help(不禁)，delay，escape, can’t stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考虑)，fancy，mind，miss(错过)，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建议)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to,
pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等。
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.
4. 动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。
You would be well advised to stay indoors.
The teacher advised taking a different approach.
5. need, require, want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.
6. 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose等。
try to do努力、企图做……
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
mean to do打算，有意要……
mean doing意味着
go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
propose to do 打算(要做某事)
propose doing建议(做某事)
like /love/hate/ prefer ＋to do 表示具体行为；＋doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念，如果这几个动词前有should/would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.
I should like to see him tomorrow.
7. 固定句型
1)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)＋doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun ＋ (in) doing
He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.
3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth.
They can't lose time playing computer games as usual.
4)There is no ＋ doing…“不可能”
There is no telling what he is going to do.
5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing…阻止……做……
Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream.
【疑难点击】
1. do/did/does＋nothing/anything/everything＋but(except)＋动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式须带to。
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3. 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等的宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.
I don't mind there being a chair here.
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
4. 为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词。
John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to.
— Hasn't he finished writing the report?
— No, but he ought to have.
— Aren't you the headmaster?
— No, and I don't want to be.
三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语
1．不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
2. 表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人……的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”，也可用修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词作主语。
Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
3. 除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。
What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.
四、不定式、动名词和分词作定语
1. 不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作。
We'd better find some work for the children to do.
He is the first one to help me with computer.(名词前有序数词或最高级时用不定式作定语)
She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.(不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。)
Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.
动词的－ing形式作定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态，还可表示被修饰词的某种用途。
He was an inspiring leader.
The boy lying on the ground was a student.
过去分词作定语表示已经完成的或表被动的动作。
He is an experienced teacher.
The book published in March sells well.
2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义不同。
Do you have anything to send?
你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”。)
Do you have anything to be sent?
你有什么东西要(我或别人)寄吗？(不是主语you寄，是别人寄)
3. 一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经……的”。
a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)(a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中)
a developed country 发达国家(a developing country 发展中国家)
a risen sun 升起的太阳(a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳)
boiled water 开水 (boiling water 沸水)
a returned student 归国学生
a retired worker 退休工人
an advanced worker 先进工作者
a bent branch 弯曲的树枝
determined opposition 强烈的反对
a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵
a well－informed professor 见多识广的教授
【疑难点击】
(1)The man who came this morning is our legal
adviser.(√)
The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.
(×不能用doing表达过去动作)
(2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? (√)
Is there anyone answering this question?
(× 用answering表达can answer的意思是错的)
(3)Those who have finished their work can go
home now.(√)
Those having finished their work can go home now.
(×完成式不能作定语)
2. drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。
a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机
a learned lawyer
博学的律师
a sunken ship 沉船
a lighted candle
点着的蜡烛
3. 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。
Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?
五、不定式和分词作状语
1．动词不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等。目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, so…as to do和such…as to do中的不定式均作结果状语。only to do表示出人意料的结果。
She did all she could to save him.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
动词－ing形式一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生；完成式(having done)表示该动作先于谓语动作发生。
Hearing the news, they got excited.
Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
过去分词和动词－ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主语或动宾关系，否则不能作状语。但独立成分，如Generally speaking, Judging from…等除外。
过去分词的一般形式(done)同动词的－ing形式的完成被动式(having been done)均与句中主谓构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
Given(＝Having been given) a wrong number, I couldn't contact him over phone.
Being blind, how could they see an elephant?
2. 不定式(to do sth.)作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，而分词一般式(doing sth.)作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。
He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president.(worked与preparing同时发生)
I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.(got up先，prepare breakfast后)
【疑难点击】
1. too…to do表示肯定的情况
①当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。
②too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)＋to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。
③never(not)＋too…to…句型为“不会太……所以能……”之意。
I'm only too pleased to help you.
我很高兴能帮助你。
They are all too enthusiastic to take part in the activity.
他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。
One is never too old to learn.
活到老，学到老。
She did not get up too late to catch the early bus.
她起得早，赶上了早班车。
2. devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等动词作状语和定语时可以用它们的－ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或－ing＋oneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。
