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专题6
动词的时态和语态
【易错雷区，步步为赢】
(2024·江苏)The real reason why prices
(be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
答案 were
(2024·湖南)As you go through this book, you
(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.
解析 句意：在你浏览这本书时你会发现经历二战的数百万人的经历各不相同。as引导时间状语从句意思是“当……的时候”在从句中使用的是一般现在时所以主句使用一般将来时即所谓
答案 will find
(2024·重庆)In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat
(cut).
解析 句意：在我的家乡当所有的小麦被收割完后总有举行一个丰收晚宴。表示动作在前要用完成时且the wheat与动词cut之间为动宾语关系故要用被动语态。after引导时间状语从句在条件或时间状语从句中要用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
答案 has been cut
(2024·湖南)He must have sensed that I
(look)at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”
解析 句意：他一定是感到了我在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼然后平静地说： “为什么这样盯着看我？” must have done是对过去情况的推测后面应该使用过去时在根据后面“为什么这样盯着看我？”所使用的时态为进行时可知此处为过去进行时。
答案 was looking
(2024·湖南)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but
(hold)back thankfully by the shop window.
解析 句意：我有一种强烈的进去玩玩具的冲动但是幸亏被橱窗拦住了。前面had 是一般过去时此处是并列谓语也应该使用一般过去时；hold back和主语I之间是被动关系所以使用被动语态。
答案 was held
(2024·重庆)—Is Peter coming?
—No, he
(change)his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
解析 句意：——彼特要来吗？——不当接到一个电话后他最后时刻改变了主意。句中的after a phone call at the last minute 表明动作发生在过去故用一般过去时。
答案 changed
(2024·北京)In the last few years, China
(make)great achievements in environmental protection.
解析 句意：在最近的几年里中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。由“in the last few years”可知此处应用现在完成时。
答案 has made
(2024·北京)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
—Not really.She
( give)us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
答案 had given
(2024·北京)—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right.I
(call)him later.
解析 句意：——Dr.Jackson现在不later可知此处要用一般将来时。
答案 will call
(2024·浙江)Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child, few people guessed that he
(go)be a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
解析 句意：爱因斯坦出生于1879年。小时候几乎没有人想到他会成为一个其理论将会改变世界的科学家。根据语境可知此处要用过去将来时。
答案 was going to
【名师点睛，易错起源】
易错起源1、常见的八种时态及其延伸时态的含义和基本用法
例1．(2024·湖南)I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I
(ask), “What do you wish me to do now？”
解析 句意：在我问“现在你想让我干什么？”时我无法掩饰自己的迫切
答案 asked
Now that she is out of job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasa’t decided yet.
A. had considered
B. has been considering
C. considered
D. is going to considered
【错误解答】 C
【易错点点睛】 从题干中得知，Lucy失业，从主句的后半句得知她还没有决定是否回学校，因此，前面是指她一直在考虑着回学校，符合现在完成进行时的含义，
【正确解答】 B
【名师点睛】
1.一般现在时
有计划的动作常用来表示计划、安排好了的将来动作，如go，come，start，leave，take off(起飞)，arrive，return等。
例如:
I leave for Beijing next Monday.
The meeting begins in a minute.
在here，there，in等开头的倒装句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:
I leave for Beijing next Monday.
There goes the bell.
In came the teacher.
(3)表示感觉、状态、思想或理解的动词，如
see ，hear，think，hope，wish，know， forget，understand，like，hate，mean，be feel，fit 等常有可用于一般现在时。例如: I feel a sudden pain in my head.
2.一般过去时
在口语中，want，hope，wish，wonder，think等动词可用一般过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度；情态动词的过去式could， should，would，might也可用于现在或将来时表示一种委婉语气。例如:
I wanted to ask if you could help me.
Could you lend me your dictionary?
Would you like to have a walk in the garden with me?
What should I do now?
3.一般将来时
(1)条件状语从句中，will可以用作情态动词，表示“意愿”。Will还可以用作表示一种倾向或习惯动作。例如:
If you will wait for me, I shall go with you. (表示意愿)
Crops will die without water. (表示倾向性)
Where there is water, there will be life. (表示习惯性)
be doing限于某些非延续性动词，如go， come，leave，start，finish等，表示按计划安排要发生的事。例如:
I am finishing my homework.
He is coming.
They are leaving for Tibet.
4.现在进行时
(1)用来表示现阶段正在进行的动作，尽管此刻这一动作不一定正在进行。例如:
How are you getting along with your work these days?
(2)在时间、条件状语从句中，有时可用进行时来代替一般将来时。例如:
Don’t mention this when you are talking with the manager.
(3)现在进行时与always，all the time，forever， constantly等词连用时，表示感叹、惊讶、厌恶等情绪。例如:
He is always thinking of his study. (表示赞许)
Tom is talking his past all the time. (表示厌恶)
(4)连系动词look，feel，smdl，taste，sound等，表示心理的动词want，like，prefer，have等一般不用于进行时态，也没有被动语态。但是，turn，become，get，grow，go等表示由一种状态进入另一种状态时，用进行时。例如:
She feels worse today.
The fish smells good.
The rich man is becoming poorer and poorer.(改变状态)
It’s getting darker and darker.(改变状态)
5.—般过去时和现在完成时的区别
(1)一般过去时所表示的一个和一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。所表示的事情纯属过去，和现在的情况没有关系。
Who pointed out the mistake?
He will never be what he used to be.
He went to town yesterday. ( 过去某次 )
When I was young, I took bath regularly. (过去经常)
I would tell him the great changes when I was in his home. (经常发生的动作)
现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去某个或某段时间，所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。例如:
Have you ever been to Shanghai?
He has gone to the library.
(2)一般过去时常用的时间状语有yesterday， last night，two days ago，at that time等；例如:
At that time, he was very poor.
I finished my homework two days ago.
现在完成时常用的状语，副词有already，just， yet，never，ever，before等，与表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用，如today， now，lately，recently，in the last／past few days／ weeks／years，since then，up to now，so far等。例如:
I have never seen such a big apple.
He has remembered 500 words this month.
He has been there for five months.
I haven’t seen him since 典型例题
I haven’t seen him since he left.
I won’t believe you until I have seen it with my own eyes.
比较下面句子，体会两种时态的不同:
①He served in the army from 1999 to 典型例题指过去的一件事，现在不是军人)
He has served in the army for 6 years.(现在还在服役)
②He wrote many novels when he was at college. (写许多小说是读大学时的事情)
He has written many novels。(写过许多小说，还在写)
③I saw War and Peace lastyear.(去年看的)
I have seen War and Peace before.(以前看过)
【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：
现在完成时的动作发生在过去，对现在有着影响；现在完成进行时则强调延续或直接结果。例如:
You look so tired ,what have you been doing?
We have been discussing the problem but we haven’t drawn a conclusion.
易错起源2、主动语态、被动语态的含义和用法
例2．(2024·北京)—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes.We
(treat)well by our hosts.
解析 句意：——你们聚会玩得快乐吗？——是的主人招待我们很好。根据上一句中的did可知用一般过去时；且we和treated是动宾关系用被动语态。故该空用一般过去时的被动语态。
答案 were treated
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will
fresh for several days.
A. be stayed
B. stay
C. be staying
D. have stayed
【错误解答】 A
【正确解答】 B
【名师点睛】
1.在口语和非正式场合下为了强调动作，常用“get+过去分词”结构。有时带有不愉快、不顺利 的含义。其否定和疑问句要借助动词do来构成。有时也会出现“become+过去分词”的结构。
例如:
He got wounded in a battle.
She got married last week.
The patient gets treated once a week.
Did you get scolded yesterday?
He became seized with a deep sorrow.
2.短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态形式短语动词的被动结构中，构成短语动词的介词或副词不能省略。情态动词的被动语态形式是:情态动词 + be + 过去分词。
例如:
The old woman was often laughed at.
The doctor has been sent for.
Time must be made good use of.
The plan will be given up.
Bad habits have been done away with.
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.
3.主动形式表示被动意义的情况:
1)某些连系动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如look(看上去)，smell，taste，sound，feel，appear (似乎)，prove(证明)，后面接形容词或名词做表语。例如:
The roses smell sweet.
The theory proved true.
The examination turned out easy.
2)某些具有及物意义的不及物动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如read，write，translate，record， lock，shut，open，wash，clean，run，sell等，此时主语大多指物，并且一般和副词连用。例如:
Your composition reads well.
His voice records well.
The door locks easily.
The coat wears well.
3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin， finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，rna，move等。例如
Work began at 7o’clock this morning.
The shop closes at 6 p.m. everyday.
4)少数动词用于进行时，主动形式表示被动含义，如print，build，cook，fly，hang，make等。例如:
The books are printing.
The meat is cooking.
My coat is hanging behind the door.
【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】
某些不及物动词(短语)的主动形式表示被动的意义。常见的有:happen，take place，break out，belong to，go out，run out等。例如:
The accident happened yesterday evening.
The Anti -Japanese War broke out in 1937.
The fire went out gradually.
All of our food has run out.
易错起源3、情态动词+have+过去分词结构
例3．(2024·安徽)Just as I got to the school gate, I realised I
(leave)my
book in the cafe.
解析 句意：我刚一到学校门口就意识到我把书落在餐馆了。考查动词的时态。realized后省略了that这里是一个宾语从句从句时态与主句保持一致落下”的动作发生在“意
答案 had left
That was really a splendid evening. It’s years __ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when
B. that
C. before
D. since
【错误解答】
A
【易错点点睛】 看起来似乎是连接词的选择，，本题暗含了句型“It is／has been+一段时间+since从句”，且 since从句中一般用一般过去时，如果前面是was，则since从句中用过去完成时。
【正确解答】
D
【名师点睛】
固定句式中的时态和语态的情况:
1.在if, unlless，evenif 引导的条件状语从句中，在when，until(till)，as soon ss，the moment，once引导的时间状语从句中，no mater what／who／which／when／where／how或whatever／whoever／whichever／whenever／wherever／however引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时(往往出现wilL／ shall／can／must)或主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:
I’ll not go unless I am invited..
Tell him the news as soon as he comes.
2. “be + to do”表示拟订或计划中将发生的行为或按职责义务必须去做的事情；“be about to do”表示即将发生的事，句中一般不使用时间状语。例如:
