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英语基础知识 介词辨析的讲解与训练
介词辨析
常用介词用法辨析主要在于以下方面:
a.over,above和on的区别: above和over都表示“在……上方”,above指在上方的任意一点,表示在某物上的高低位置,不接触,其反义词是below;over一般指垂直方向,其反义词是under。on表示“在……上面”,且互相接触。如:
There is a pen on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔。
There's a bridge over the river.河上有座桥。
The moon is now above the trees in the east.月亮这时已在东边树林的上空。
另外,above还可指温度、数量、年龄等。如: The temperature will stay above zero in the daytime.白天温度将在零度以上。
above只表示上下位置,而over则表示“越过,通过”以及“笼罩,盖起来”或 “遍及全面”的意思。 如:
The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升过地平线上了。 b. below, under, beneath皆可表示在…之下。below表示非垂直并不与表面接触的下方;under表示垂直并不与表面接触的下方;beneath表示在某物之下,几乎接触或接近。如:
There is a lake below the mountain. 此山下有个湖。 below,在…之下(非垂直)
I want to have a rest under the tree. 我想在树下休息一会儿。 under表示(垂直)在…之下
I found an ant beneath the rock. 我在岩石下找到了一只蚂蚁。 beneath,在…之下(几乎接触)
2)across, cross, over, through与past辨析
across是介词,强调从一定范围的一边到另一边,且在物体表面上或沿着某一条线的方向而进行的动作,其含义常与介词on有关,常和表示走一类的动词(如:walk,run,fly,jump等)连用。 Go across the bridge,and you’ll find the park. 越过这座桥,你就会找到公园。
cross是动词,表示穿过、越过、渡过。
The old man is crossing the road.这位老人正在穿过马路。
through是介词,表示从某一范围的一端到另一端,但它表示的动作是在内部空间进行的,往往指穿过沙漠、森林、窗户等。
The river runs through the city.这条河从这座城市中间流过。
Can you see it through this hole? 你能透过这个洞看到它吗?
over是介词,用作“穿过、通过”时,表示到达高的障碍物(如树、墙、篱笆和山脉等)的另一侧。
He jumped over the wall.他跳过了墙。
The horse jumped over the fence.马跳过栅栏。
past也是介词,指从某物旁边经过,意思是“走过某处、经过……”。
He walked past me without saying“Hello”.他没打招呼就从我身边走过。
注 意如果不强调动作,只说明处于墙、篱笆或山等障碍物的另一侧时,over和across也可互换。If we can be over/across the mountain before 8 o’clock,we can be helped.
如果我们八点前能到达山那边,我们就能获救。
●表示某个地方的地理位置时,用be,lie 以及 be located 的意义是一样的,可以互换使用。 介词 in,on,to 都可以用来表示某个位置的方向,它们的意义不同,故表示的方向及范围也不同:
in 表示方位,含义是“在……之内”,即一个小地方处在一个大地方的范围(疆域)之内。 on 表示方位,相邻或接壤。to 表示方位,互不接壤,互不管辖。尤其当两个地方相隔较远,且有湖泊、大海等区域相隔时,通常用 to。例如:
China is in the east of Asia. 中国在亚洲东部。(中国是亚洲的一个国家,处于亚洲的范围之内)
Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。
(台湾是中国东部的一个省份,是中国的领土,在中国的疆域之内)
Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 广东省在广西的东南边。
(广东省与广西在地理位置上是连在一起的,即两者相邻)
China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。(中国与太平洋相邻)
Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。(日本在中国范围之外,且有日本海分隔)
Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 台湾在福建省的东南面。
(台湾在福建省的范围之外,且两者之间有台湾海峡分隔)
把河流、山脉、铁路等事物当做两地的分界线或基点,通常使用介词 to,译为“以……(方向)”。此外,表示一个地方离另一个地方有多远,也用 to。例如:
Land to the east of the Urals is called Asia; land to the west, Europe.
乌拉尔山脉以东的陆地称为亚洲;以西的陆地称为欧洲。
The village lies to the south of the hill. 那座村庄在山的南面。
On表示“在---表面上”,at,in。
On the ground.在地上;at the foot of the hill. 在山脚;At the gate.在门口; In the room.在房间里。 ● on,in,at表示时间 on用于在具体某一天当某时,动名词,arrivaldeath等名词前in一般用上下晚用于月、季、年。at是个时间点,工作时刻与圣诞。
We got used to getting up at six. 我们习惯于6点起床。in the morning, at noon在中午, See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。 On a cold afternoon in January, I met her in the street.
在1月的一个寒冷的下午,我在街上遇到了她。 Children feel happy at Christmas. 孩子们过圣诞节非常高兴。
at noon(night),in the day。 注:on表示在具体某一天及具体某一天的上午、下午和晚上。
On mother's Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母亲节,我们应该送花给我们的母亲。 On my arrival home,I found he had gone already.当我到家时,我发现他已经走了。 当early,late用于句首修饰介词短语时,尽管表示具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上,
都要用in,泛指一般的上、下午,晚上也用in。
Early in the morning of National Day,I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo.
国庆节一清早,我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。 My father begins work at 8:00 in the morning and stops work at 4:00 in the afternoon.
我父亲上午8点上班,下午4点下班。
于将来时态表示过一段时间后及表示在……期间 和在某个季节,某年、某月 都用in。
I hear he’ll be back in a month.我听说他将于一个月后回来。 In the course of the last lesson in French,little Franz was listening to the master very attentively.
在那最后一堂法语课中,小弗朗兹非常用心地听着老师讲。 Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生于2004年12月。
●Before与 in front of都有在......之前的意思,当表示在某种位置前时,两者可以通用。如:You can't buy them in the shop before eight o'clock.八点之前你在商店里买不到那些东西。
How many students stand in front of the class? 有多少学生站在同学们面前。
in the front of是在前面的部分
They are standing in front of/before the blackboard.他们正站在黑板的前面。
当表示在某段时间,某一事件之前时,用before,不用in front of。例如:
Before liberation he lived a poor life.解放前他过着贫穷的生活。
Please come to see me before Sunday.请在星期六以前来看我。
by, in, on, with, through, over在作为介词讲时,都可以表示工具、手段或者方式。它们所表示的含义,也都是“用”。
by, in, on, through, over等介词多用于无形的工具或者方式手段之前,如:
He moved the huge stone by hand.他用手移动了那块大石头。
Please retell the fairy story in English.请用英语复述这篇童话故事。
We have spoken on the phone.我们在电话上交谈过。
Then I watched the moon through the telescope.然后我通过望远镜看了月亮。
I heard this piece of music the other day over the radio.我前天在收音机里听到过这首曲子。
注意事项:(1)如果使用材料、原料或者语言时,则用介词in表示。
●如果表达“用……方式/方法”时,则选用的介词为:
by means of; by this/that means; with this/that method; in this/that/the same way
●如果with 用于有形的工具或者身体某些器官之前,其后的名词则多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
例句:We can see with our eyes. We can hear with our ears. smell taste.
我们可以用我们的眼睛来看。 我们可以用我们的耳朵来听。 闻、嗅品尝。
6)except,besides,but,except for, except that/when与apart from 等,
表示“除了…以外”的介词有 besides, except, except for, but, apart from
等。
● besides 表示“除 … 以外,(还,也)”,相当于 in addition to. 例如:
Besides English, they also study math, physics and chemistry
除了英语以外,他们还学习数学,物理和化学。
注意: 不要将besides和beside 混淆。beside是“在…旁边”的意思。
●except 表示“除…外,(没有)…”,常与all,every,no, none, nothing 等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。except 是英语中少数用法最为活跃的介词之一, 其后除了可跟名(代)词外, 还可跟另一介词短语、动词不定式短语或 that 引导的从句 。例如:
He answered all the questions except the last one.
除了最后一个问题外,所有的问题他都回答了。
I went nowhere except to the library.
除了图书馆以外,我哪儿都没有去。
试比较: We all went except him.
除了他(没去)以外,我们都去了。
Three others also went besides him.
除了他(去了)以外, 还去了三个人。
● except 与 except for区别
except for 也表示“除 … 以外”,但是和 except 不同的是: 与 except 连用的整体词和 except 所跟的词常常是同类的,是指整体除去一部份; 而与 except for 连用的整体词与 except for 所跟的词往往不是同类的,是指整体中除去 一个细节。例如:
Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
除了几处拼写错误以外, 你的作文写得很好。
Except for an old lady, the bus was empty.
除了有一个老太太以外, 这辆公共汽车是空的。
● apart from 表示“除 …之外”。根据上、下文的不同,它既可用作 besides, 也可用作 except 和 except for。例如:
Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. (= except) 除了他们以外, 我没有人说话。
Apart from other considerations, time is also a factor. (=besides)
除了别的考虑之外,时间也是一个因素。
(It is) Good work apart from a few slight faults.
(= except for)
除了几个小毛病以外,这是一篇佳作。
即学即练
This shop will be closed for repairs ____ further notice.
A. with
B. until
C. for
D. At
With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be take ______
color.
A. by
B. for
C. with
D. In
3.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.
A. through
B. up
C. with
D. From
4.When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ________ younger men.
A. in terms of
B. in need of
C. in favor of
D. in praise of
5. I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy_____ the past couple of weeks
A.beyond
B. with
C. among
D. Over
6. Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek______ food safety problem.
A.in
B. to
C. on
D. After
7. I always wanted to do the job which I’d been trained ______.
A. on
B. for
C. by
D. Of
____ regular exercise is very important, it’s never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
A.It
B. As
C.Although
D.Unless
9.The form cannot be signed by anyone ______ yourself.
A. rather than
B. other than
C. more than
D. better than
10.Try____ she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
A. if
B. when
C. since
D. As
To be great, you must be smart, confident, and, ______, honest.
A. therefore
B. above all
C. however
D. After
—Someone wants you on the phone.
—_____nobody knows I am here.
A. Although
B. And
C. But
D. So
直击高考
1.(2024浙江卷)– I am going to Spain for a holiday soon.
-–_________.
A. It’s my pleasure. B. Never mind
C. Leave it alone
D. Good for you
2. (2024浙江卷)An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year, making _________ the driest year since California became a state in 1850.
A. each
B. it
C. This
D. one
3.(2024安徽卷)Terry, please ________ your cell phone when grandma is talking to you.
Alook up from
B.look into
C.look back on
D.look through 4.(2024安徽卷) When the sports hero________ at our party, he was welcomed with open
arms.
A.turned up
B.left off
C.moved on
D.got away 5.(2024浙江卷)Joe is proud and _________, never admitting he is wrong and always looking
for some else to blame.
A. strict
B. sympathetic
C. stubborn
D. sensitive
6.(2024浙江卷) I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _________ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
A. when
B. where
C. which
D. why
7.(2024浙江卷) We most prefer to say yes to the _________ of someone we know and like.
A. attempts