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2024届英语科5年高考3年模拟[浙江专版]
专题0【备考策略】o
be
doing
一般式：不定式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作或状态同时发生或几乎同时发生或存在。但多数情况下是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。
Eg :They often watch us play football. (同时)
She hopes to go there again. (之后发生)
完成式：不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前。
Eg : I’m glad to have seen your mother yesterday
注：1）用在intended, expected, meant, hoped. promised, wanted, planned. wished. thought, desired, was, were等后，表示过去没有实现的愿望，期待或计划的等，也用来表示先于谓语动词发生的动作或状态。
Eg: He wanted to have met (=had wanted to meet) you at the airport,but he didn’t get there in time. 他原想去机场接你（事情已经发生），但他没及时赶到那儿。（没接成）
We planned to have done (had planned to do) good deeds for the poor people last month.
我们原计划上个月为贫困的人们作些好事。（没作成）。
2）用在seem. appear. think . consider. believe. 等后，表示一个动作先于另一发生
The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese.
相信这本小说已被翻译成汉语
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting .对不起让你久等了。
3） 在should (would) like, would love 等后，表示没有实现的愿望。
I should like to have seen her face when she read the letter.
进行式：1）当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不定式动词所表示动作正在进行时，用进行时。Eg: They seemed to be talking about you.
He pretended to be sleeping.
2）不定式的进行式表示将来。
He is believed to be coming
3)不定式的进行式表示逐渐地变化
The weather seems to be improving
不定式的被动语态
被
动
语
态 构
成
一
般
式
to be done
完
成
式
to have been done
▲在下列情况下要用被动语态
当句子的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者。
Eg: She is glad to be taken to the Great Wall.
This book is said to be put into English.
当不定式所修饰的名词是此不定式的逻辑宾语且句中又没有它的逻辑主语时。
Eg: He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时，
Eg: She is too nervous to be told such a bad news.
I’m glad to be given a gold ring.
当句子的主语和表语指同一人或物，不定式修饰这个表语名词时，且与这个名词有动宾关系时。
Eg: He is a man to be trusted
不定式做宾语，且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时。
Eg: The plan to be made is a five-year plan.
不定式的主动语态表示被动含义。
当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一个名词（代词）有主谓关系。
He has nothing to eat
I’ll give you a book to read
当不定式在“主+表（形容词）”结构中做状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时。
The text is easy to recite.
(3) 当不定式修饰there be /here be 引导的句子中的主语时。
There are two tractors to repair.
Here is a baby to take care of.
注：在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。
There is a lot of work to do ( Someone has to do the work)
There is a lot of work to be done.( The work has to be done)
(4) to let
to blame 则只用主动语态。
The house is to let
I’m to blame
不定式的句法功能
1做主语
直接做主语
To help each other is good.
动词不定式做主语时，一般可用it 做形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式放在句末。
It is good to help each other.
但如果动词不定式做主语，句中又有一个动词不定式做表语时，就不使用上述的句型。
To see is to believe 眼见为实。
2 做表语
▲常常说明或解释主语的内容，在很多情况下不定式做表语可转化为做主语。
如：His job is to raise pigs
=To raise pigs is his job
▲表示计划或安排
A new bridge is to be built over the river soon.
不久这条河上要架新桥。
表示事态发展的结果，预期的结果，不幸的命运或预言。
You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. 如果我们想继续做朋友，你必须痛痛快快的把话说出来。
表示情态意义，相当与can. Could. (可能) should, ought to .（应该），must ( 必须)
The books are not to be found .这些书不应该卖。
He is nowhere to be found. 哪也找不到他。
表示“同意，命令，决定，劝告，意愿，禁止等”
You must be patient if you are to succeed. 要想成功，必须有耐心。
In such dry weather,the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive.
不定式在系动词be 之后做表语与将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别。
！）Our plan is to ser up another middle school.
句中的谓语动词是is ,动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan,并不是不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up 所表示的动作不是主语plan 产生的。
！） We are to set up another middle school.
整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up 所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up 所表示的动作是we 产生的。
3 做宾语
1) 一般来说，不定式只做动词的宾语，但介词except, but后可接不定式做宾语。
She wishes to be a musician.
Peter’s not going anywhere except to work.彼得除了上班之外哪也不去。
特别提示：
某些动词后须跟不定式to do 做宾语
afford（ 有足够的金钱或时间做…）；
agree （同意）； ask （ 要求做）； attempt（尝试做，试图做） beg（恳求）； choose（选择）； decide（决定）； demand（要求）； desire（希望）； determine（决定） expect（期望）； fail（未能）； happen（碰巧）； hate（不喜欢做。。。）； help（帮助）； hope（希望）； learn（学习）； long（渴望）； manage（设法做好）； offer（提议）； prefer（喜欢）；pretend(假装)；prepare(准备)；promise（允诺）； refuse（拒绝）；remain（尚待）； seem （好象）want（想要） wish（希望） wonder（感到奇怪）
某些结构后面接省to的不定式（即动词原形）：
would /had rather do, had better do, do nothing but do
2)用代词it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定式结构放在句末。需用it代不定式作宾语的动词有：find, make, think, consider, feel 等。
He feels it his duty to say that you are wrong.
3)有些动词后可用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语，常用的动词有：decide, discover, forget. inquire, know,
learn, see, think, wonder.
Eg: we don’t know where to go.
4 做宾语补足语
1）可接不定式做宾补的动词有：advise （建议）； allow（允许）； ask（请求）； beg（乞求）； cause（导致）； choose（选择）； consider（认为）； drive（驱使）； encourage（鼓励）； enable（使能够）； expect（期望）； forbid（禁止）； force（强迫）； get（使）； help（帮助）； invite（邀请）； intend（打算）； like（喜欢）；order（命令）； permit（允许）； persuade（劝说）； prefer（喜欢）； request（请求）； require（要求）； remind（提醒）；teach（教）； tell（告诉）； want（想要）； warn（警告）； wish（希望）； think（认为）； trouble（麻烦）。。。
Eg: Tell the students not to play on the street.
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
2）动词let, have, make, notice, watch, observe, feel. hear, listen to . see , look at.等后用动词原形做宾补，如改为被动语态，省掉的to 要还原。
Eg: I heard Mary sing last night.
Mary was heard to sing last night
3) tell advise. show. teach 等还可接连接代词/连接副词+不定式作宾补。
Eg: The old driver showed me how to drive the car.
4) think, consider, believe, suppose, suppose, know, feel , find understand, declare, imagine, take 等动词接不定式做宾补，但这个不定式多为to be +adj/ adv/ n
We thought him to be a naughty boy.
He felt the plan to be practical
5 不定式做定语
不定式做定语和它所修饰名词存在三种关系。
动宾关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑宾语。
I want something to eat
He had a meeting to attend.
注：如果这个不定式是vi ，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面要加必要的介词。
I have a house to live in
Please give me a knife to cut with.
Here is some paper to write on.
2)主谓关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑主语 （即动作的发出者）
He is the first man to work out the problem.
3) 所属关系：不定式与所修饰的名词存在一种所属关系。可形成这种关系的名词有：way, need, time, plan, right, chance, opportunity, movement, reason, promise, wish. effort, struggle.
Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.
4) 起限定作用，表示将来
The question will be discussed at the meeting to be opened in Beijing.
6做状语
不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。 I’m sorry to have troubled you .对不起麻烦你
He was surprised to learn how much she’d spent
2)做目的状语，既可放于句首，也可置于句末；为加强语气，也可用“so as to do（只能放在句尾）”或“in order to do（可放在句首或句尾）”表目的。
He gets up early to read English
Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly.许多农民上化肥为的是让作物长得更快。
做结果状语。通常置于谓语动词后面，所表示的行为通常发生在谓语动词之后。
▼不定式短语表示结果时，常于only连用，暗示一种“意外的结果，意想不到，不料”
▼不定式做结果状语常用于以下结构。
so adj /adv as to…
such n as to…
too…to…
enough…to…
eg: He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
In 1935, he left home never to return 他离家结果一去不复返。
I’m too tired to walk any further tonight.
My son is old enough to go to school alone.
Would you be so kind as to give me an early reply?
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
注：在有些句子中，too…to… 可表示肯定含义。
▼too 前有only, never, not, all, but , just, simply时( only too, all too , but too)表非常。
I’m only too glad to see you.
▼ 不定式符号to前有not 时。
You’re too sad not to cry.
▼too后接easy, happy, really, willing. glad, surprise, eager, anxious等表示心情或描述性的形容词时，
This book is too easy to understand.
7 不定式的否定形式：
句型“not+ 不定式”；“never +不定式”
My father told me not to skate on the lake. 我爸爸告诉过我不要在湖上溜冰。
Father told me never to see her again. 父亲告诉我不要再去看她了。
特别提示：不定式作目的状语时，否定形式不能用not to do sth. 应用 in order not to do sth 或so as not to do sth.
I’m going to start now, in order not to miss the beginning. 我现在就出发为的是不错过开头。
重点关注：
1．It is + adj for sb to do 或 It is adj of sb to do
我们常用for sb 或of sb.来做不定式的逻辑上的主语。但是什么情况下用for 或of,主要从以下两方面来进行区别：
A: for sb 的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词。如: easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible. necessary, unnecessary. Interesting等。如：
It is important for us to express our opinions.对于我们来说，表达我们的意见是很重要的。
It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.他很难改掉他的坏毛病。
B: of sb 的句型一般用表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly. Stupid, foolish. right . wrong . careful. careless. polite. impolite, rude 等
It is clever of him to leave that country.
It was very kind of you to come to help me .你来帮我忙太好了。
2 疑问词+不定式在句中起名词的作用，可做主语，表语，宾语。
How to prevent from swimming in this river is a problem.
We didn’t know why not to give them an exact answer at that time.
He will teach us how to study.
My question is when to begin the experiment.
We must think of what to do next.
3 不定式符号to 保留问题
有时为了避免重复，可用to 代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词之后。
Expect/ hope/ wish/ mean/ prefer/care/ forget/ want/ try/plan/hate…后 或出现在be glad/happy/,would like/ love等的后面。
--Would you like to have some coffee?
--Yes, I’d like to
但是如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been,这些词要保留。
--Are you on holiday?
--No, but I’d like to be
--I didn’t tell him the news.
--Oh, you ought to have.
My father wanted me to be a lawyer, but I didn’t want to be ( a player)
4省去to的不定式
两个或两个以上作用相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个外其余不定式的to可省略。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.
但两者若有对比关系时，每个不定式前都要加to.
He hasn’t decided whether to go home or to stay at school.
2）主语被不定式修饰时，不定式做表语时省略to.
